Furthermore, the ability of global CTLA-4 deficiency to promote proliferation and effector function in the Tconv compartment has been reported previously in a variety homeostatic (70) and autoimmune (71, 72) conditions, while the ability of CTLA-4 deficiency on Treg alone to produce similar effects has also been previously documented in settings of lymphopenia (73) and autoimmunity (74). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is lymphopenia.