Additional studies of two TTNtv DCM cohorts also validated the presence of low-level truncated TTN species from human myocardial specimens, largely corroborating earlier work from human cardiomyocytes differentiated in vitro from an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model derived from an individual with DCM who was a TTNtv carrier (16, 17). Here, TTN is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.