VEGFA and systemic lupus erythematosus: In a study, J. Merayo-Chalico et al. examined the expression of various serum cytokines such as IL, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), in PRES-SLE patients and contrasted those levels with levels in SLE patients without PRES and in healthy controls.