TNF and Hyperglycemia: In artificially induced hyperglycemia, the levels of IL-6, TNF and IL-18 in human plasma increased sharply, which may be related to the mechanism of oxidative stress: Under the condition of hyperglycemia, the uptake of glucose by endothelial cells increases, resulting in excessive production of ROS in mitochondria, which causes oxidative damage and activates the inflammatory signaling cascade in endothelial cells, releasing a large number of inflammatory cytokines into the blood (Esposito et al. 2002; Donath and Shoelson 2011).