TNF and IgA glomerulonephritis: Previous studies have shown that hydroxychloroquine has immunomodulatory effects by blocking Toll-like receptors 3, 7, 8, and 9 [25] and inhibiting the production of IL-6, IFN-α, and TNF-α [26], which may ameliorate the class switch recombination of IgA and glomerular mesangial matrix accumulation and glomerulosclerosis in patients with IgA nephropathy [27–29].