Several of the significantly co-occurring LR pairs were previously implicated in colitis, and are mostly involved in epithelial integrity and repair (DDR1-CDH1 (Li et al, 2022), DSG2-DSC2 (Gross et al, 2018)), immune recruitment (MIF-CD74 (Farr et al, 2020)), and TNF signaling (GRN-TNFRSF1A (Terryn et al, 2021; Wei et al, 2014)). Here, TNF is linked to colitis.