CD274 and breast carcinoma: In hepatocellular carcinoma, CMTM6 interacts with Vimentin, thereby promoting invasive metastasis of HCC (Huang et al., 2021); in breast cancer, CMTM6 stabilizes the HER2 protein and contributes to trastuzumab resistance (Xing et al., 2023); and in gastric cancer, CMTM6 stabilizes the expression of PD-L1, and its high expression correlates with poor prognosis of gastric cancer, and the combined assay can be used as a prognostic indicator in gastric cancer (Zhang, Zhao & Wang, 2021).