Therefore, based on previous reports which showed that diabetes [31], alcohol [5], and cART [32] can independently induce oxidative stress and inflammation, this study evaluated the testicular effects of co-existence of cART and alcohol abuse in diabetic conditions relative to inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Here, NOS2 is linked to diabetes mellitus.