Furthermore, oral cancer cells are closely associated with the conventional oncogenic M2 macrophages through multiple pathways.50 OSCC cancer stem cell-derived exosomes polarize TAMs into M2 macrophages by the urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 (UCA1) secretion targeting LAMC2-PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma.