VEGFA and periodontitis: Periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC)-derived exosomes significantly improved angiogenesis in inflammatory regions by upregulating the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via miR-17-5p.13 Salivary exosomal miR-223-3p increased the interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels by mediating NLRP3 gene expression and pyroptosis.14 Oxidative stress is involved in periodontitis progression with abnormal reactive oxygen species (ROS).