CD4+ T cells, such as Th1, Tfh and Th17 cells also contribute to tissue inflammation and autoantibody production, promoting the pathogenesis of SLE.2,53,54 These changes also explained why Ube2m-/-Bim-/-lpr mice exhibited slightly reduced T cell number and attenuated lupus symptoms compared with Bim-/-lpr mice. Here, CD4 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.