It releases a variety of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that promote tumour cell survival and proliferation, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), CCL17, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), VEGF, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Fig. 2) [43]. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is neoplasm.