Specifically, by comparison with healthy tissues, IBD-derived intestinal tissues displayed increased expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), interferon-γ (IFNG), interleukin-12B (IL12B), integrin-α4 (ITGA4) and integrin-β7 (ITGB7), encoding for proteins known to be drivers of chronic inflammation and thus exploited as therapeutic targets for patients with IBD9 (Fig. 1d, Supplementary Fig. 1c and the ‘Old evidence from the literature’ tab at IBD TaMMA). This evidence concerns the gene IL12B and inflammatory bowel disease.