Notably, ITGB5 and SMAD6 were enriched in the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor signaling pathway, indicating potential involvement of the TGFβ/SMAD (Suppressor of Mothers against Decapentaplegic, a well-conserved family of transcriptional factors) regulatory pathway in the development of CTS and FS. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD6 and carpal tunnel syndrome.