PDCD1 and atherosclerosis: Stimulation of the PD-1 pathway in a drug-treated mouse model appeared to have an opposite effect on atherosclerosis by decreasing levels of monocytes and T cells that secrete IFN-γ in the peripheral blood, while improving biomarkers such as B1 cells, Bregs, and oxLDL IgM levels considered to be atheroprotective [67].