Microglia is a type of macrophage distributed in all parts of the brain and critical immune cells in the nervous system, and microglia can be activated by inflammatory factors to release further proinflammatory cytokines [72], which is a considerable pathogenesis of SAE and/or HE [73, 74] and may be closely related to PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and FoxO signaling pathway [75–79] (Fig. 3). The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is hereditary elliptocytosis.