CD8A and COVID-19: We did not observe an increase in the frequency (p = 0.29, Fig. 1F) or absolute numbers (p = 0.65, Supplementary Fig. 1E) of effector memory CD8 T cells in severe COVID-19 patients, but we did see increases in terminally differentiated EMRA CD8 T cells in both moderate (p < 0.0001) and severe (p = 0.001) COVID-19 patients (Fig. 1G).