CXCL12 and Cognitive impairment: Nonetheless, PTX itself is neuropathogenesis-prone and cytotoxic for microglia: PTX induced peripheral neuropathy, including microglia dysregulation in the spinal cord [39, 40]; induced cognitive impairment by increasing neuronal necroptosis and decreasing synaptic plasticity [41]; and directly activated astrocytes, producing acute pain by the release of TNF-α and SDF-1 (stromal-derived cell factor 1).