EX group showed lower (EX effect) p-ERK1 (f1, 20 = 173.6, P < 0.0001) and p-ERK2 (f1, 20 = 112.0, P < 0.0001) and T2D showed higher (T2D effect) p-ERK1 (f1, 20 = 460.6, P < 0.0001) and p-ERK2 (f1, 20 = 166.7, P < 0.0001) levels compared to CO group (Fig. 5 A, B). Here, MAPK3 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.