IL-4, but not IL-5 or CCL22, significantly positively associated with the percentages of total CXCR4+CXCR5+CD4+ and CXCR5+CCR6+CD4+ T cells in LC individuals (Extended Data Fig. 8e), suggesting an elevated, yet mis-coordinated, TH2 cell response during LC. Here, CXCR5 is linked to laryngotracheoesophageal cleft.