Renal IRI is a leading cause of AKI and acute kidney failure.300 Lim et al. proved that exosomes from iPSC-derived MSCs could correct serum creatinine level, tubular necrosis, apoptosis, inflammatory cytokine production, and oxidative stress in AKI mice by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.301 In a similar work by Zhang et al., the exosomal miR-21-5p from EPCs were found to alleviate sepsis-induced AKI by inhibiting RUNX1 expression in CLP rats.302. Here, MAPK3 is linked to acute kidney injury.