TNF and diabetes mellitus: Therefore, it is hypothesized that SMYAD may prevent and treat DPVD by inhibiting signal molecules in the diabetes complications AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, and TNF pathway.[51] Therefore, it is considered that the mechanism of SMYAD in treating DPVD may be related to the TNF signaling pathway, the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetes complications, and the IL-17 signaling pathway.