PDCD1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Repetitive adrenergic stress in ISOprimed/ISOinjury PD-1−/− mice resulted in a persistent dysregulated myocardial inflammatory response characterized by the expansion of autoreactive effector CD8+ T cells, increased cardiac hypertrophy, mild left ventricular dysfunction, and increased lethality when compared with ISOprimed/ISOinjury wild-type mice.