PDCD1 and cardiac hypertrophy: •Repetitive neurohormonal stress in ISOprimed/ISOinjury PD-1−/− mice led to a dysregulated persistent inflammatory response in the heart characterized by the expansion of autoreactive effector CD8+ T cells as well as increased cardiac hypertrophy, mild LV dysfunction, and increased lethality when compared with ISOprimed/ISOinjury WT mice.