BPA and phthalates may induce the expression and secretion of certain proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and downregulate the expression of anti-inflammatory adipokines such as adiponectin, leading to a sustained low-grade inflammation both locally and systematically, adipose dysfunction and insulin resistance [84,116,117]. Here, TNF is linked to Insulin resistance.