TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Thalidomide was evaluated in consideration of its anti-inflammatory properties and showed a moderate efficacy in the reduction of lung collagen deposition in bleomycin-induced IPF trials, mitigating the upregulation of TGF-b and IL-6, which play an essential role in the profibrotic pathway and in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition [112,113].