INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: There has been notable success in preventing the development of T1D in mouse models using clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) paired with CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR–Cas9)-mediated genetic modifications, for example, by converting B lymphocytes to a disease-inhibitory CD73+ regulatory state [6] or precisely guiding mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward differentiation into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) [7].