INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: By as early as 2010, genetic mapping and gene–phenotype studies had uncovered 10 key genes associated with T1D, including those responsible for encoding major histocompatibility complex (MHC) human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II and class I antigen-presenting molecules, preproinsulin (INS) in the thymus, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) in Treg cells, and cytokines such as IL-2, IL-7, and IL-10, which are all believed to be causative factors in the development of T1D [9].