ACE and chronic kidney disease: Additionally, other risk factors for CKD included male sex (aHR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.01–1.38), age between 50 and 64 years (aHR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.06–1.89), age >65 years (aHR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.54–2.76), DM (aHR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.58–2.14), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) (aHR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.00–1.38), alpha-adrenergic blockers (aHR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.11–1.53), ARB (aHR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.03–1.47), CCB (aHR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.02–1.52), and diuretics (aHR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.51–2.04), all of which also displayed a significantly increased risk of CKD.