Intratumoral injections of recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) that lacked thymidine kinase and vaccinia growth factor genes but co-expressed miPDL1-mGMCSF resulted in more significant B16-F10 tumor growth inhibition compared to rVV-RFP or rVV-GMCSF [11], as demonstrated by both bioluminescence monitoring and caliper measurements. Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.