TNF and colitis: Such effects were, thus, accompanied by a significant increase in MAC387-positive cells, as well as a marked up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, the lipid peroxidation product MDA, and a reduction in MPO levels in the inflamed colon, indicating the effectiveness of the topical administration of Ade/HA gel in reducing the extent of mucosal pro-inflammatory cells’ infiltration during colitis.