TNF and Chronic colitis: In acute UC, M. oleifera seed extract treatment was shown to reduce fecal lipocalin-2, downregulated gene expression of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and inducible iNOS; upregulated claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression in acute and chronic colitis; as well as in chronic UC, upregulated GSTP1, which is an Nrf2 key mediator of phase II detoxifying enzyme [112].