VEGFA and retinal disorder: Some of the major pathways implicated in the development of retinopathy include increased activity of the diacylglycerol (DAG) pathway and protein kinase C (PKC), accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), activation of the hexosamine pathway, overproduction of growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)), activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), accumulation of inflammatory mediators and sub-clinical inflammation with leukostasis, activation of the polyol pathway, and oxidative stress [34].