LCN2 and acute kidney injury: In addition to standard blood and urine tests, several biomarkers, including urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin-18 (IL-18), kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), trefoil factor 3, and glutathione-S-transferase-π have been shown to be elevated in ATN and HRS-AKI [23].