TWIST1 and neoplasm: Tumor-associated stroma upregulates the expression of various growth factors such as PDGF, EGF, HGF, and TGF-β, which in turn induces the activation of a series of transcription factors, including SNAI1, Slug, Twist, Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox1 (ZEB1), Goosecoid, and FOXC2, consequently initiating the EMT process [43,44,45,46,47,48].