By contrast, GO analysis of the genes upregulated in the BPH-PCa group while downregulated in men with symptomatic BPH were several transcription factors related to prostate cancer, such as NKX3-1 and members of the HOX family like HOXB13, HOXB7, HOXD4, HOXC10 and HOXC8 (Figure 3D). Here, HOXD4 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.