Finally, our team has recently shown that DKK-3 expression is regulated by ΔNp63α in human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and that secreted DKK-3 activates NF-κB signaling in macrophages through a CKAP4–Akt–NF–κB axis, without impacting Wnt signaling (Figure 3B) [55]. Here, DKK3 is linked to oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma.