DKK3 and prostate carcinoma: High levels of stromal DKK-3 in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) have been reported to increase fibroblast proliferation, promote myofibroblast differentiation, and contribute to the angiogenic switch by suppressing vessel-stabilizing factors like angiopoietin-1 (ANGPT1) (Figure 4, right panel) [60].