Since PENK-A may be an emerging marker of incident CKD, and since persons of African ancestry have both high risk and unique pathways for CKD progression relative to individuals of European ancestry, such as APOL-1 nephropathy, we sought to determine the relative strength of association of PENK-A with incident CKD by race and to evaluate its association with incident albuminuria [18]. This evidence concerns the gene PENK and chronic kidney disease.