In particular, the tag SNP (rs3135388[T]) for HLA-DRB1*15:01, which carries the highest risk for MS (OR = 2.9), was first observed in an Italian Neolithic individual (sample R3 from Grotta Continenza, dated with carbon-14 to between 5836 and 5723 bce (before common era), 4.05× coverage) and rapidly increased in frequency around the time of the emergence of the Yamnaya culture around 5,300 years ago in steppe and steppe-derived populations (Fig. 2). The gene discussed is HLA-DRB1; the disease is myeloid sarcoma.