TNF and cancer: Although several TNFSFs, including FasL, TNF-α, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), have been identified as emerging cancer immunotherapeutic targets 5–7, most cancers are adapted to the TNFSF response, leading to an imbalance between cell death and survival; this renders them intractable, even against various cancer therapies such as immune checkpoint blockades and chemotherapeutics8,9.