In a retrospective analysis, among 313 participants with PRA in the lowest tertile (<0.74 ng/ml/h), it was hypothesised excess sodium and expanded volume contributed to hypertension, natriuretic anti-hypertensives, diuretics and calcium channel blockers, were more effective in lowering SBP (−16 versus −6 mmHg, p < 0.001) and DBP (−8 versus −5mmHg, p = 0.008) compared to renin-angiotensin targeting anti-hypertensives, beta-blockers and ACEi [41]. Here, REN is linked to hypertensive disorder.