TNFα generated from the murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (mBMDM) and peritoneal macrophages (mPMφ) increased from 0 to 24 h post infection (hpi) and then decreased, the production of which showed continuous elevation in the human monocytes (hMo) or monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) (Supplementary Fig. 4e), revealing a discrepant proinflammatory identity of MPS in different species. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.