Indeed, it is possible that this accounts for the contrasting associations observed for breast cancer—one PCSK9 target, LRP8, has been implicated in triple-negative breast cancer.71 Third, the association of PCSK9-GS with URTI might arise due to the life-long effects of genetic perturbations that alter human biology,11 meaning that treatment with a PCSK9 inhibitor at a specific time (e.g. in later life) need not lead to a similarly altered risk of lung disease. Here, PCSK9 is linked to breast carcinoma.