SOD1 and metabolic syndrome: Tanaka A et al18 showed that patients with T2DM and metabolic syndrome are in a state of long-term hyperglycaemia and lipid metabolism imbalance that can lead to vascular endothelial dysfunction with abnormal vasoconstriction, vasospasms, etc. Groeneveld ON et al.19 also showed that patients with T2DM and metabolic syndrome are in a state of oxidative stress (as measured by levels of SOD and MDA).