For example, in comparing the vaginal microbiota of 93 women who suffered miscarriage with 74 gestational age-matched control patients who went on to deliver at term, Grewal et al. (2022) reported an association between Lactobacillus species depletion and euploid miscarriage, which was also associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β and IL-6. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and spontaneous abortion.