GSDMD also plays a vital role in the generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)38,39, which are extracellular DNA fibers networked with histones and cytoplasmic granule proteins that entangle and contain bacteria and that are also implicated in thrombosis, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, and sepsis81–83. Here, GSDMD is linked to autoimmune disease.