TNF and neoplasm: The infiltration of neutrophils within the tumor was also significantly elevated (Fig. 6h), which may be recruited by stimulated intratumoral macrophages and potentially contribute to the antitumor response.36 Intratumoral TNFα and IFNγ, two critical effector molecules in antitumor immunity, were elevated 2.04-fold and 1.62-fold, respectively, after LNT MACS/VNP treatment compared with saline treatment (Fig. 6i, j).