TNF and colon adenocarcinoma: After chemotherapy, we found that the plasma level of TNFα was significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer (Fig. 1A) and that the level of TNFα was markedly associated with survival outcome in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) colon adenocarcinoma database (Fig. S1A, n = 597, log-rank p = 0.0409).