The tumour microenvironment likely plays a key role in Bcl3-mediated therapy resistance, for example hypoxia drives BCL3 mediated resistance to oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan in gastric cancer cells [113] while interferon gamma, which is often upregulated by chemotherapy [122–124] has been shown in ovarian cancer cells to increase the expression of BCL3 [84] via the Jak/Stat pathway [125]. This evidence concerns the gene BCL3 and neoplasm.