TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In addition, some immune cells also play an important role in the development of NAFLD, such as CD8+T cells can secrete IFNγ and TNFɑ, and B cells are likely to accumulate in the liver leading to NASH through the secretion of IL-6 and TNFɑ [8].Therefore, the development of NAFLD is not simply the accumulation of lipids in the liver, but rather the joint action of internal and external factors (Fig. 1).