INS and spontaneous abortion: Among the upregulated genes, elevated CYP24A1 was observed in spontaneous miscarriage [60] and preeclamptic placentas [61]; CXCL14 is implicated in insulin [62] and inhibited trophoblast attachment and outgrowth, disrupting the establishment of pregnancy [63]; and CDKN2A and CLCNKA were respectively associated with gestational diabetes [64] and IGF-1 deficiency [65], while PTAFR induced preterm delivery in mice [66].