CD274 and Sepsis: constructed a mouse model of sepsis-induced lung injury using septic aggression-induced sepsis after hemorrhagic shock (Hem-CLP) and found that PD-L1 expression was significantly upregulated on vascular endothelial cells (ECs) or lung epithelial cells (EpiCs) in mice with indirect acute lung injury (iALI) 24 hours after sepsis injury (131).