INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: We have previously reported a prospective, 6-year cohort study of women with GDM and healthy controls, showing that positivity for islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs) and glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADAs), as well as GDM below the age of 30 years and the need for insulin treatment during pregnancy are associated with a high risk of subsequent progression to T1DM (15).